People come to court for many reasons, and many come not knowing what to expect. Although going to court can seem scary or overwhelming, this page includes information and tips about the process that may be helpful.
Individuals have the right to represent themselves in District Court without a lawyer, but are required to follow the court rules and the law. Read the court form called
Rights and Duties of Self-Represented Parties and review the
Representing Yourself in Court Help Topic for more information.
You have the right to ask for a free court-appointed interpreter for you or any of your witnesses, if needed. You should ask for an interpreter as
soon as possible. You can ask for an interpreter by calling court administration in the
county where your case is filed. Your hearing notice may also include a phone number for you to call.
If you have a disability and need reasonable accommodations for a court hearing, please review the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accommodations Help Topic.
The Minnesota Judicial Branch
order of April 19, 2022, and the
oneCourtMN Hearings Initiative policy providing the framework for how remote and in-person hearings will take place, became effective June 6, 2022, and revised effective January 3, 2023. Going forward, all hearings scheduled and hearing notices issued will follow the policy. Case participants will find the most accurate information about how their court hearings will take place on their hearing notices. Review the
Criminal Hearing Plans,
Non-Criminal Hearing Plans, and
Juvenile Delinquency Hearing Plans for more information.
Click on the Tools and Resources tab for videos with information about how different types of hearings are usually held and why. Visit the
Remote Hearings Information page for detailed information about remote hearings.
*new* View a
video on Preparing for your Remote Hearing or read a
written explanation on Preparing for your Remote Hearing.
Handout - Preparing for Your Remote Hearing - Hmong Translation
Handout - Preparing for Your Remote Hearing - Somali Translation
Handout - Preparing for Your Remote Hearing - Spanish Translation
Handout - Preparing for Your Remote Hearing - Karen Translation
It is important to know the reason for your hearing and why you are going to court. Make sure you have reviewed all documents
filed in your case. You will want to know the other party’s position and arguments, including any requests they are making at the hearing. Be sure you know if you have to file anything with the court before your hearing date, or if you will be expected to bring witnesses.
If you are unsure about what is going on in your case, or whether you need to file anything or do something else, get help right away. You can call court administration or the clerk for the Judge/Referee assigned to your case. You can also call, email or visit a
Self-Help Center. Please see
What Court Staff Can and Cannot Do for You for more information.
Many court hearings are open to the public. You may find it helpful to go to other hearings similar to your upcoming hearing so that you can visit the courthouse and courtroom and see what that type of hearing will be like. You can see public court calendars by going to
Find Courts and selecting your county.
If you are worried about forgetting an upcoming hearing, the court has a
hearing e-reminder system you can enroll in for most case types.
Make sure you know whether your hearing is in person or remote. If you are appearing remotely, you should log in for your hearing early (for more information, visit the
Remote Hearings page). If it is in person, make sure you know the location and address of your hearing. Many counties have multiple courthouse buildings. It is smart to plan out how you will get to court if appearing in person and how much time you will need
before your court date. If you are appearing in person, you should try to arrive at the courthouse at least 30 minutes before your hearing.
Consider the following factors when planning on how much travel time you will need for appearing in person:
- How far you live from the courthouse;
- Method of transportation (i.e. car, bus, light rail, ride from a friend);
- Time for parking, if needed; and
- Traffic and weather.
Give yourself time to find your courtroom once in the building. Keep in mind you may need to wait in line for weapons screening, elevators, etc.
There is a possibility that your hearing may be on a “mass calendar,” which means multiple hearings may be scheduled during the same block of time. The time on your hearing notice may be when the calendar starts, not necessarily when your hearing may be called. Your case may get called first or it may get called later. You may need to wait as long as a few hours, depending upon the number of cases on the calendar. You should be prepared to stay if there is a delay. If you leave before your case is called, your case may move forward without you. If you are unsure whether your hearing is at the specific time listed on the notice or if it is part of a mass calendar hearing, call the number on your hearing notice or
contact court administration in the county where your case is filed.
Planning ahead should save you a lot of stress and confusion on the day of your hearing.
You will want to make sure you have all your paperwork ready before you go to court. It is your responsibility to come prepared. You should have paper or electronic copies of all papers (called “pleadings”) you and the other side have filed with the court, or given to each other.
If you are going to court because you were charged with a crime that involves the possibility of jail time, you can apply for a public defender before you make your first court appearance. Visit the
Criminal Resources FAQ page for more information on how to apply for a public defender.
You may also want to prepare an outline of the main points you want to say. Nerves can get the best of all of us. Having a clear outline will help you organize your thoughts during your hearing. Make sure to stick to the most important information that is in your paperwork. It might be helpful to practice explaining your outline to a friend or family member.
You should also get your evidence ready, if necessary. Sometimes a court hearing is a trial where you need witnesses and evidence. Other times the hearing has a different purpose, such as a motion, and witnesses are not generally allowed. Read all notices and orders you received about the hearing carefully to see what you may need. If you are unsure whether your hearing requires you to bring evidence or witnesses, get help right away. If you need to have evidence and witnesses at the hearing, make copies of any documents you want to introduce as evidence and organize everything ahead of time. Read through all of the orders you received to check whether the judge has asked you to organize your evidence in a specific way. Make sure to have the original item, along with a copy for the court, a copy for you, and a copy for any other party(ies) to the case. If you need to have witnesses, make sure you know if they will attend voluntarily or if you will need to get a
subpoena.
Some documents cannot be used as evidence unless the right person is in the courtroom to explain the document and answer questions about it. There are many
rules about evidence you will need to follow. You may want to talk to a lawyer about what evidence you need and how to make sure your evidence can be considered by the judge or jury.
One of the most important steps you can take when getting ready for court is preparing your evidence. Evidence is information a party presents to prove their case, and is usually in the form of witness testimony and exhibits. Please see the
Evidence and Exhibits Help Topic page for more information about preparing and presenting evidence.
Exhibits can be shared digitally with the court and the other parties in a case for evidentiary hearings or trials without the need for physical copies through the
MN Digital Exhibit System (MNDES).
If your hearing is scheduled at a time when you would normally work, make arrangements for taking time off, if you can, or other arrangements as needed. Unless the court has told you to bring your children to the hearing, make arrangements for child care, if possible. The court does not provide child care, and it may be difficult for children to sit quietly or for you to focus during a hearing if children are present. You may want to bring a support person with you; however, large groups are generally discouraged. Keep in mind that any support person will not be able to speak on your behalf at the hearing.
You have the right to ask for a free court-appointed interpreter for you or any of your witnesses, if needed. You should ask for an interpreter as
soon as possible; ideally, at least two weeks before your hearing date. You can ask for an interpreter by calling court administration in the
county where your case is filed. Your hearing notice may also include a phone number for you to call. Generally, once you have requested an interpreter, you will continue to be appointed an interpreter for any other hearings on that case.
When you are involved in a court case, it is important to always make sure the court has your current address and phone number. You should contact the court and update them when there are any changes to your information. If the court does not have your current address, you may miss notices sent from the court. You may also miss important papers filed by the other side and you could lose important rights in your case.
To update your address and/or phone number, you can call court administration or go to the courthouse in person and talk to someone in court administration. You can find contact information, including phone numbers and courthouse locations, on the
Find Courts page (select the county where your case is filed from the drop-down menu).
Court is not an appointment that should be missed (if you can avoid it). If you need to change your court date, you usually need to file paperwork to ask for that, or get the other side to agree to change the date before the day of the hearing.
If you have a court date for a criminal case or a contempt matter and miss your hearing, a warrant may be issued for your arrest. If the hearing is not a criminal matter and you do not appear, you may lose the case by default. If you have a serious reason why you cannot make it to your court hearing, call court administration or the clerk for the Judge/Referee assigned to your case to explain your situation and see what options you may have.
If you are the defendant or respondent in a case (someone else started the case against you) and you agree with the other side's requests or don't believe you have any defense(s), you may think there is no point in going to the hearing. However, not going to a hearing could be risky as you do not know what will be ordered in your absence. It is best to get legal advice before deciding not to go to a hearing.
If you are appearing in person, you should try to arrive at the courthouse at least 30 minutes before your hearing time. Allow plenty of time to go through weapons screening, if needed, and to find your courtroom. If you will be late, call court administration or the clerk for the Judicial Officer assigned to your case. Keep in mind that some courthouses may not allow cell phones in the building so make sure to ask about this ahead of time. You can call the number listed on your court notice or contact court administration in the
county where your case is filed if you have questions.
If you are unsure what to do or where to go after arriving at the courthouse you can check in with court staff, either in the courtroom or at the court administration counter/window.
Bring your copies of paperwork, along with any outline and exhibits you may be presenting during your hearing. Get in contact with your witnesses, if any, and locate them once in the courthouse. Bring a notepad and something to write with for taking notes during a hearing. Taking notes on a cell phone or other mobile device (i.e. tablet) is generally not allowed.
You do not have to buy new clothing for court, but remember it is a formal place and you want to be respectful in your dress.
Certain behaviors are not allowed in the courtroom because they are noisy, distracting, or disrespectful. Do not bring food or drink (other than water) into the courtroom. You should generally not chew gum, sleep, use earphones, or use cameras, including cell phone cameras, in the courtroom. If cell phones are allowed, you should either turn them on silent or vibrate or turn them off completely. While waiting for your case to be called, please be respectful to other court users by waiting quietly. As a reminder, if your hearing is set on a mass calendar, there will likely be a wait time before your case is called.
When your case is called, please follow any instructions from court staff and the Judge/Referee. When the Judge/Referee enters the courtroom, you will be expected to stand up; someone will likely say “all rise.” During your hearing, be sure to listen carefully, talk directly to the Judge/Referee and not the other party, avoid arguing with or interrupting others, and try to control your emotions. If you do not understand something that the other party or the Judge/Referee is saying, make sure you ask questions. When you speak to the Judge/Referee, start by saying "Your Honor." Be sure to speak loudly and clearly and remember that only one person can speak at a time. Typically, everything said in the courtroom is being recorded, so in order to record information accurately, it’s important that only one person speak at a time. Use your prepared outline to keep your thoughts on track and make sure you cover your most important points. The amount of time you have to speak will be up to the Judge/Referee, so be sure to focus on what is most important to your case.
Do you need to come back for another hearing? Do you need to prepare a written document such as a proposed court order? Do you need to take other steps or actions? These are examples of questions you may have after your hearing. Make sure that you understand what will happen next.
Another question you may have is when the Judge/Referee will make a decision (called an order) about the hearing. Sometimes orders are written up right away, even while you wait, or the Judge/Referee may take it “under advisement.” This means they will take some time to think about the case, review the evidence, and write an order later.
Politely ask questions if you do not understand what will happen next in your situation.